Bonding Schemes
by
Lance Williams
Bond formation between atoms occurs primarily to enable each atom to achieve an inert gas electron configuration in the valence level (a valence octet for all elements except hydrogen which requires only two electrons to achieve the electronic configuration of helium). An atom can achieve an inert-gas electronic configuration by giving up electrons
Orbitals
by
Lance Williams
The theory suggests that the behavior of each electron in an atom can be described by a wave function (ψ), which is a function of the space coordinates of the electron and thus has spatial characteristics. These one electron wave functions are called atomic orbitals (AOs). Atomic orbitals describe electron densities in the atom at various dist
Common Functional Group Abbreviations
by
Lance Williams
Alkane= R
Alkene= R2C=CR2
Alkyne= RC≡CR
Alcohol= ROH
Aldehyde= RCHO
Carboxylic acid= RCO2H
Ether= ROR
Ketone= RC(O)R
Ester= RCO2R
Amine= RNH2, R2NH, R3N
Aldimine= RHC=NR
Amide= RC(O)NH2, RC(O)NHR, RC(O)NR2
Alkyl halide= RX
Ketimine= R2C=NR
Nitrile= RCN
Nitroso= RNO
Nitro= RNO2
Acid chloride= RC(O)Cl
Mercaptan, thiol= RSH
Su
Functional Groups
by
Lance Williams
There are over 12 million known compounds of which more than 80% are organic compounds. To make sense out of the nearly 9 million organic compounds and be able to manipulate them and make new compounds, there must be some system of organization whereby organic compounds can be categorized by a particular property or group of properties. A natural m
Chemical Substance
by
Lance Williams
A chemical substance can be an element, compound or a mixture of compounds, elements or compounds and elements. Most of the matter we encounter in our daily life are one or another kind of mixtures, e.g. air, alloys, biomass etc.
Molecule
by
Lance Williams
A molecule is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure compound or element that retains a set of unique chemical properties.
Compound
by
Lance Williams
A compound is a substance with a fixed ratio of chemical elements which determines the composition, and a particular organization which determines chemical properties. For example, water is a compound containing hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of two to one, with the oxygen between the hydrogens, and an angle of 104.5° between them. Compounds are
Element
by
Lance Williams
An element is a class of atoms which have the same number of protons in the nucleus. This number is known as the atomic number of the element. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the chemical element carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the element uranium.
The most convenient presenta
Atom
by
Lance Williams
An atom is a collection of matter consisting of a positively charged core (the atomic nucleus) which contains protons and neutrons, and which maintains a number of electrons to balance the positive charge in the nucleus. The Atom is also the smallest portion into which an element can be divided and still retain its properties, made up of a dense, p
Chemistry
by
Lance Williams
Chemistry is often called the "central science" because it connects other sciences, such as physics, material science, nanotechnology, biology, pharmacy, medicine, bioinformatics, and geology. These connections are formed through various sub-disciplines that utilize concepts from multiple scientific disciplines. For example, physical chemistry invo
Chemistry
by
Lance Williams
Chemistry is the science of matter at the atomic to molecular scale, dealing primarily with collections of atoms, such as molecules, crystals, and metals. Chemistry deals with the composition and statistical properties of such structures, as well as their transformations and interactions to become materials encountered in everyday life. Chemistry a
Chemistry
by
Saqib Ansari
Chemistry is the science of matter at the atomic to molecular scale, dealing primarily with collections of atoms, such as molecules, crystals, and metals. Chemistry deals with the composition and statistical properties of such structures, as well as their transformations and interactions to become materials encountered in everyday life. Chemistry a
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